Documentary films can be considered as either primary or secondary source, depending on how much the film maker modifies the original sources. In historical scholarship, a primary source is a document or other source of information that was created at or near the time frame being studied, by an authoritative source, usually one with the direct personal knowledge of the events being described.
In this sense the Primary sources are not superior sources. Primary Sources can be classified into three types. Like the Portuguese writers made use of the tomb of St. Thomas, the five copper plates, church bells, St.
Thomas Crosses as the sources of evidence in writing the origin of Christianity in India. Narrative sources or literary sources include Newspaper articles written at the time, journal articles, lab notebooks, field notes, published original research, patents, proceedings of meetings, conferences and symposia, novels, poems, personal documents such as biographies, autobiographies, diaries, letters and memoirs etc.
Christian historians relied upon personal documents and official documents as the source material for writing history. These are also called Oral Traditions. These Oral traditions can also be extremely valuable in understanding the ways in which the communities identify and understand historical monument and cultural landscape in which they live.
These traditions include myths, legends, folklore, songs, folk songs etc. Thomas in India. These songs were transmitted orally from generation to generation. These songs became sources that serve as evidence to trace the Origin of Christianity in India. With the development of scientific technology, modern traditions consists of audio and video recordings e. Radio and television programmes , speeches, survey researches, internet communications on emails, websites, interviews, photographs, works of art, architecture and so on.
These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them. These are usually in the form of publishing works.
Secondary sources are accounts of events which were created well after the main event occurred. They are based on the primary sources. According to Mark Day the Secondary sources are interpretations, analysis and evaluations of the Primary sources.
In scholarly writing an important objective of classifying sources is to determine the independence and reliability of sources. In contexts such as historical writings, it is always advisable to use primary sources. It is only with great caution that the author may proceed to the secondary sources. Hayden White, a historian and philosopher has written extensively on the ways in which the rhetorical strategies by which historians construct narratives about the past and what sorts of assumption about time, history and events are embedded in the very structure of historical narrative.
As a general rule the modern historians prefer to go back to the primary sources, if available as well as seeking new ones, because primary sources weather accurate or not, offer new input into historical questions. Almost accurate and high class research revolves around the heavy use of primary sources but on the other hand most undergraduate researches are limited to secondary source materials.
The distinction between primary and secondary sources is not always clear, depending on how or why it is being used; a secondary source may be a primary source for a particular instance and vice versa. Secondary sources, by contrast, are those that discuss the period studied but are brought into being at some time after it, or otherwise somewhat 12 Hunter P Mabry, A manual for researchers and writers Bangalore:BTESSC, , Secondary sources copy, interpret, or judge material to be found in primary sources.
The source of the data is not as important as its quality and its relevance for our particular purpose. The major advantages of using secondary data are economic: using secondary data is less costly and time-consuming than collecting primary data. Its disadvantages relate not only to the availability of sufficient secondary data but also to the quality of the data that is available. Some tertiary sources are not to be used for academic research, unless they can also be used as secondary sources, or to find other sources.
Depending on the topic of research, a scholar may use a bibliography, dictionary, or encyclopedia as either a tertiary or a secondary source. This causes difficulty in defining many sources as either one type or the other.
In some academic disciplines the distinction between a secondary and tertiary source is relative. Indexes, bibliographies, concordances, and databases may not provide much textual information, but as aggregates of primary and secondary sources, they are often considered tertiary sources. Almanacs, travel guides, field guides, and timelines are also examples of tertiary sources.
Survey or overview articles are usually tertiary, though review articles in peer- reviewed academic journals are secondary not be confused with film, book, etc. Some usually primary sources, such as user guides and manuals, are secondary or tertiary depending on the nature of the material when written by third parties.
These modern traditions consist of audio and video recordings, speeches, survey records, internet communications through emails, websites, photographs etc. The Post Modern sources completely rely on the internet.
Some of these are social media networks, Blogs, Geo-fencing etc. Historians most often use written sources, but audio and visual materials as well as artifacts have become important objects that supply information to modern historians. Numerical data are explained in written form or used in support of a written statement. The Historian must be aware of the climate of opinion or shared set of values, assumptions, ideas, and emotions that influence the way their sources are constructed and the way they perceive those sources.
In addition, an individual's own frame of reference-- the product of one's own individual experiences lived--must be acknowledged by the perceptive historian in order to determine the reliability and credibility of a source in relation to others. Determining what sort of sources to use, and the level of credibility and reliability of those sources, is an important step in critical thinking for the historian.
To read primary sources effectively requires us to use our historical imagination along with our research skills. One must be willing and able to ask questions, imagine possible answers, find factual background data, and craft an analytical response.
To evaluate primary sources, we can explore the following parts of the text or artefact by following these steps: i. For the modern published material the determination of the authorship is not a problem as it is readily available on the material.
How "neutral" is the text; how much does the author have a stake in our reading it, i. Is the text accurate in substance and composition, or does it contain errors. How does the text reveal the targeted audience? How does the creator construct the artefact? What is the strategy for accomplishing a particular goal? Is the strategy effective for the intended audience? Citing of specific examples will be required. Explain what we think this position may be and why we think it. Give specific examples of differences between our frame of reference and that of the author or creator -- either as an individual or as a member of a cultural group.
It will be nice if we can find portions of the text which we might find objectionable, but which contemporaries might have found acceptable. Choose a paragraph anywhere in a secondary source you've read, state where this text might be an appropriate footnote give a full citation , and explain why. What major similarities? What major differences appear in them? Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF.
Translate PDF. Data is facts or figures from which conclusions can be drawn. Before one can present and interpret information, there has to be a process of gathering and sorting data. Just as trees are the raw material from which paper is produced, so too, can data be viewed as the raw material from which information is obtained. Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing.
Data is collected and analyzed; data only becomes information suitable for making decision in some fashion. Gathering data can be accomplished through a primary source researcher is the first person to obtain the data or a secondary source the researcher obtains the data that has already been collected by other sources, such as data disseminated in a scientific journal Mesly, Distinguish between primary data and secondary data Data collection plays a very crucial role in the statistical analysis.
In research, there are different methods used to gather information, all of which fall into two categories, i. As the name suggests, primary data is one which is collected for the first time by the researcher while secondary data is the data already collected or produced by others.
There are many differences between primary and secondary data, which are discussed in this work. But the most important difference is that primary data is factual and original whereas secondary data is just the analysis and interpretation of the primary data.
While primary data is collected with an aim for getting solution to the problem at hand, secondary data is collected for other purposes. The fundamental differences between primary and secondary data are; the term primary data refers to the data originated by the researcher for the first time while secondary data is the already existing data collected by the investigator agencies and organisations earlier. Primary data is collected for addressing the problem at hand while secondary data is collected for purposes other than the problem at hand.
Primary data collection is a very involved process. On the other hand, secondary data collection process is rapid and easy. Primary data sources include surveys, observations, experiments, questionnaire, personal interview etc.
Surveys are used in different areas for collecting the data even in public and private sectors. A survey may be conducted in the field by the researcher.
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